Sandy Bridge
Sandy Bridge is the codename for a processor microarchitecture developed by Intel. It is the second generation of the Nehalem/Core i series. Targeting the 32 nm process, development began in 2005 at Intel's Israel Development Center in Haifa. The codename for this architecture was renamed from "Gesher" (which means "bridge" in Hebrew).[1]
Processors based on this architecture were announced on January 3, 2011, and first released on January 9, 2011. An initial preview of a Sandy Bridge processor, with A1 stepping at 2 GHz, was shown at the Intel Developer Forum in 2009.[2]
The yet-to-be released 22 nm die shrink of Sandy Bridge has the codename Ivy Bridge.[3][4]
Contents[hide] |
[edit] Microarchitecture
- 32 kB data + 32 kB instruction L1 cache (3 clocks) and 256 kB L2 cache (8 clocks) per core.
- Shared L3 cache includes the Processor graphics. (LGA 1155)
- 64-byte cache line width.
- Two load/store operations per cycle for each memory channel.
- Decoded micro-op cache and enlarged, optimized branch predictor.
- Improved performance for transcendental mathematics, AES encryption, and SHA-1 hashing.
- 256 bit/cycle ring bus interconnect between Cores, Graphics, Cache and System Agent Domain.
- Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX) instruction set, featuring a 256-bit instruction set with wider vectors, new extensible syntax, and rich functionality.
[edit] Performance
[edit] Sandy Bridge
Up to 17% more CPU performance clock-for-clock compared to Lynnfield processors (Nehalem generation), while its integrated graphics provides around twice the performance of Clarkdale/Arrandale's, which has 12 EUs.[5]
[edit] Ivy Bridge
Ivy Bridge, the codename for the 22 nm die shrink of Sandy Bridge, will be built using Intel's tri-gate transistor technology,[6] which introduces three dimensional gates (vertical gates), instead of the industry standard two dimensional or planar gates.[7][8] Intel explains, "The additional control enables as much transistor current flowing as possible when the transistor is in the 'on' state (for performance), and as close to zero as possible when it is in the 'off' state (to minimize power), and enables the transistor to switch very quickly between the two states (again, for performance)."[9] Intel has stated that all future products will be based upon this 3D design.
Ivy Bridge will support PCI Express 3.0[10] and the Graphics Processor will have support for DirectX 11 and OpenCL 1.1. Ivy Bridge processors will be backward compatible with the Sandy Bridge platform.[11][12]
Intel is targeting a 30 percent graphics performance and 20 percent CPU performance boost compared to Sandy Bridge.[13]
[edit] Variants overview
- Processors featuring Intel's HD 3000 graphics are set in bold. Other processors feature HD 2000 graphics unless indicated by N/A.
[edit] 32 nm Sandy Bridge
| CPU Specification Comparison | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Socket | Cores | Transistor count | Die size |
| LGA 1155 | 4 | 915 Million | 216mm2 |
| 2 (6 EUs) | 504 Million | 131mm2 | |
| 2 (12 EUs) | 642 Million | 149mm2 | |
[edit] Desktop processors
| Desktop Market |
Socket | Cores (Threads) |
Processor Branding & Model |
CPU Clock rate | Graphics Clock rate | L3 Cache |
TDP | Interface | Supported Memory |
Release Date & Price(USD) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard | Turbo | Standard | Turbo | |||||||||||
| Extreme / High-End |
LGA 2011 |
6 (12)[15][17] | Core i7 Extreme |
3.3 GHz | 3.9 GHz | N/A | 15 MB | 130 W | 6.4 GT/s QPI | Up to quad channel DDR3-1600 |
Q4 2011[15] | |||
| Core i7 | 3.2 GHz | 3.8 GHz | 12 MB | |||||||||||
| 4 (8) | 3.6 GHz | 3.9 GHz | 10 MB | 4.8 GT/s QPI | ||||||||||
| Performance | LGA 1155 |
2600K | 3.4 GHz | 3.8 GHz | 850 MHz | 1350 MHz | 8 MB | 95 W | DMI 2.0 | Up to dual channel DDR3-1333 |
January 9, 2011 |
$317 | ||
| 2600 | $294 | |||||||||||||
| 2600S | 2.8 GHz | 65 W | $306 | |||||||||||
| 4 (4) | Core i5 | 2500K | 3.3 GHz | 3.7 GHz | 1100 MHz | 6 MB | 95 W | $216 | ||||||
| 2500 | $205 | |||||||||||||
| 2500S | 2.7 GHz | 65 W | $216 | |||||||||||
| 2500T | 2.3 GHz | 3.3 GHz | 650 MHz | 1250 MHz | 45 W | $216 | ||||||||
| 2400 | 3.1 GHz | 3.4 GHz | 850 MHz | 1100 MHz | 95 W | $184 | ||||||||
| 2405S | 2.5 GHz | 3.3 GHz | 65 W | May 22, 2011 |
$205 | |||||||||
| 2400S | January 9, 2011 |
$195 | ||||||||||||
| 2310 | 2.9 GHz | 3.2 GHz | 95 W | May 22, 2011 |
$177 | |||||||||
| 2300 | 2.8 GHz | 3.1 GHz | January 9, 2011 |
$177 | ||||||||||
| Mainstream | 2 (4) | 2390T | 2.7 GHz | 3.5 GHz | 650 MHz | 3 MB | 35 W | February 20, 2011 |
$195 | |||||
| Core i3 | 2120 | 3.3 GHz | N/A | 850 MHz | 65 W | $138 | ||||||||
| 2105 | 3.1 GHz | May 22, 2011 |
$134 | |||||||||||
| 2100 | February 20, 2011 |
$117 | ||||||||||||
| 2100T | 2.5 GHz | 650 MHz | 35 W | $127 | ||||||||||
| 2 (2) | Pentium | G850 | 2.9 GHz | 850 MHz | 65 W | May 22, 2011 |
$86 | |||||||
| G840 | 2.8 GHz | $75 | ||||||||||||
| G620 | 2.6 GHz | $64 | ||||||||||||
| G620T | 2.2 GHz | 650 MHz | 35 W | $70 | ||||||||||
Suffixes to denote:
- K - Processors featuring unlocked turbo multipliers.
- S - Low-power processors[18][19][20][21]
- T - Ultra low-power processors[18][19][20][21]
[edit] Server processors
| Server Market |
Socket | Cores (Threads) |
Processor Branding & Model |
CPU Clock rate | Graphics Clock rate | L3 Cache |
Interface | Supported Memory |
TDP | Release Date |
Price (USD) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard | Turbo | Standard | Turbo | |||||||||||
| 4P Server | LGA 2011 |
8 (16) 6 (12) 4 (4/8) 2 (2/4) |
Xeon E5 | 46xx | N/A | 2× QPI | Up to quad channel DDR3-1600 |
Q1 2012 | ||||||
| 1–2P Server |
26xx | |||||||||||||
| LGA 1356 |
24xx | 1× QPI | Up to triple channel DDR3-1600 |
Q4 2011 | ||||||||||
| 1P Server | LGA 1155 |
4 (8) | Xeon-E3 | 1280 | 3.5 GHz | 3.9 GHz | N/A | 8 MB | DMI 2.0 | Up to dual channel DDR3-1333 |
95 W | March 15, 2011[22] |
$612 | |
| 1275 | 3.4 GHz | 3.8 GHz | 850 MHz | 1350 MHz | $339 | |||||||||
| 1270 | N/A | 80 W | $328 | |||||||||||
| 1260L | 2.4 GHz | 3.3 GHz | 850 MHz | 1350 MHz | 45 W | $294 | ||||||||
| 1245 | 3.3 GHz | 3.7 GHz | 95 W | $262 | ||||||||||
| 1240 | N/A | 80 W | $250 | |||||||||||
| 1235 | 3.2 GHz | 3.6 GHz | 850 MHz | 1350 MHz | 95 W | $240 | ||||||||
| 1230 | N/A | 80 W | $215 | |||||||||||
| 4 (4) | 1225 | 3.1 GHz | 3.4 GHz | 850 MHz | 1350 MHz | 6 MB | 95 W | $194 | ||||||
| 1220 | N/A | 8 MB | 80 W | $189 | ||||||||||
| 2 (4) | 1220L | 2.2 GHz | 3 MB | 20 W | $189 | |||||||||
[edit] Mobile processors
- Core i5-2515E and Core i7-2715QE processors have support for ECC memory and PCI express port bifurcation.
- All mobile processors, except Celeron, use Intel's Graphics sub-system HD 3000 (12 EUs).
- DMI 2.0 interface and up to dual channel DDR3-1333 MHz RAM is supported.
| Mobile Market |
Cores / Threads |
Processor Branding & Model |
CPU Clock rate | Graphics Clock rate | L3 Cache |
TDP | Release Date |
Price (USD) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard | Turbo (1C/2C/4C) |
Standard | Turbo | ||||||||
| Extreme | 4 (8) | Core i7 Extreme |
2920XM | 2.5 GHz | 3.5/3.4/3.2 GHz | 650 MHz | 1300 MHz | 8 MB | 55 W | January 5, 2011 |
$1096 |
| Performance | Core i7 | 2820QM | 2.3 GHz | 3.4/3.3/3.1 GHz | 45 W | $568 | |||||
| 2720QM | 2.2 GHz | 3.3/3.2/3.0 GHz | 6 MB | $378 | |||||||
| 2715QE | 2.1 GHz | 3.0/2.9/2.7 GHz | 1200 MHz | OEM | |||||||
| 2710QE | |||||||||||
| 2635QM | 2.0 GHz | 2.9/2.8/2.6 GHz | |||||||||
| 2630QM | 1100 MHz | ||||||||||
| Mainstream | 2 (4) | 2620M | 2.7 GHz | 3.4/3.2 GHz | 1300 MHz | 4 MB | 35 W | February 20, 2011 |
$346 | ||
| 2649M | 2.3 GHz | 3.2/2.9 GHz | 500 MHz | 1100 MHz | 25 W | $346 | |||||
| 2629M | 2.1 GHz | 3.0/2.7 GHz | $311 | ||||||||
| 2657M | 1.6 GHz | 2.7/2.4 GHz | 350 MHz | 1000 MHz | 17 W | $317 | |||||
| 2617M | 1.5 GHz | 2.6/2.3 GHz | 950 MHz | $289 | |||||||
| Core i5 | 2537M | 1.4 GHz | 2.3/2.0 GHz | 900 MHz | 3 MB | $250 | |||||
| 2540M | 2.6 GHz | 3.3/3.1 GHz | 650 MHz | 1300 MHz | 35 W | $266 | |||||
| 2520M | 2.5 GHz | 3.2/3.0 GHz | $225 | ||||||||
| 2515E | 1100 MHz | OEM | |||||||||
| 2510E | |||||||||||
| 2410M | 2.3 GHz | 2.9/2.6 GHz | |||||||||
| Core i3 | 2310M | 2.1 GHz | N/A | ||||||||
| 2 (2) | Celeron | B810 | 1.6 GHz | 2 MB | March 15, 2011 |
$86 | |||||
| B847 | 1.1 GHz | 350 MHz | 17 W | March 26, 2011 |
OEM | ||||||
Suffixes to denote:
- M - Mobile processors.
- XXX9M - Low-power mobile processors.
- XXX7M - Ultra low-power mobile processors.
- QM - Quad-core mobile processors.
- XM - Extreme quad-core mobile processors that feature unlocked Turbo multipliers.
- E - Embedded mobile processors.
- QE - Quad-core embedded mobile processors.
[edit] Cougar Point chipset flaw
On January 31, 2011, Intel issued a recall on all 67-series motherboards due to a flaw in the Cougar Point Chipset.[23] A hardware issue, in which the chipset's SATA-II ports may fail over time, cause failure of connection to SATA-II devices, though data is not at risk.[24] Intel claims that this problem will only affect 5% of users over 3 years. However, heavier I/O workloads can exacerbate the problem.
Intel stopped production of flawed B2 stepping chipsets and began producing B3 stepping chipsets with the silicon fix. Shipping of these new chipsets started on 14 February, 2011 and Intel estimated full recovery volume in April 2011.[25] Motherboard manufacturers (such as ASUS and Gigabyte Technology) and computer manufacturers (such as Dell and Hewlett-Packard) stopped selling products that involved the flawed chipset and offered support for affected customers. Options ranged from swapping for B3 motherboards to product refunds.[26][27]
Sandy Bridge processor sales were temporarily on hold, as one cannot use the CPU without a motherboard. However, processor release dates are not affected.[28] After two weeks, Intel has continued shipping some chipsets, but manufacturers have to agree to a set of terms that will prevent customers from encountering the bug.[29]
[edit] Limitations
[edit] Overclocking
Due to the factory integrating a single clock generator to control the speed of all electrical buses, overclocking of Socket-1155 compatible processors through modifying the default 100 MHz base clock speed is very limited, up to 5-7% without other hardware components failing.[30] However, Intel has made available K-edition processors which feature unlocked multipliers, the highest multiplier for Sandy Bridge is 57.[31]
Intel had demonstrated a Sandy Bridge CPU running stably overclocked at 4.9 GHz on air cooling.[32][33] Up until 2010, 4.5 GHz+ clocks required at least liquid cooling.
Intel Sandy Bridge E-series Processors, the X79 Express and Z68 Chipsets will come with "Performance OverClocking" support.[34]
[edit] Chipset
Intel has limited LGA 1155 CPU overclocking options to the Z68 and P67 Chipsets. Non-K edition CPUs can overclock up to four bins from its turbo multiplier. The integrated graphic is disabled on a P67 Chipset Motherboard.
[edit] Other details
The processors include a "service" called Intel Insider, which the company claims is "an extra layer of content protection",[35] and despite claims, is a form of Digital rights management (a technology that inhibits uses of digital content not desired or intended by the content provider).
In addition, Sandy Bridge processors with Vpro capability have security features that include the ability to remotely disable a PC or erase information from hard drives. This can be useful in the case of a lost or stolen PC. The commands can be received through 3G signals, ethernet, or internet connections. AES encryption acceleration will be available, which can be useful for video conferencing and VoIP applications.[36]
[edit] Successor
The successor to the Sandy Bridge and Ivy Bridge architectures will be the Haswell microarchitecture.
[edit] See also
- Accelerated Processing Unit
- x86
- x86-64
- P5
- P6
- NetBurst
- Core
- Nehalem
- List of Intel CPU microarchitectures
- AMD Fusion
[edit] References
- ^ http://newsroom.intel.com/community/intel_newsroom/free_press/blog/2010/12/28/sandy-bridge-breaks-the-mold-for-chip-codenames
- ^ Crothers, Brooke (2010-12-15). "CES: First Intel next-gen laptops will be quad core". The Circuits Blog (CNET.com). http://news.cnet.com/8301-13924_3-20025830-64.html?tag=cnetRiver. Retrieved 2010-12-17.
- ^ "Intel 22nm 3-D Tri-Gate Transistor Technology". Intel. http://newsroom.intel.com/docs/DOC-2032. Retrieved 2011-05-04.
- ^ "Video Animation: Mark Bohr Gets Small: 22nm Explained". Intel. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIkMaQJSyP8&feature=player_embedded#at=34. Retrieved 2011-05-04.
- ^ http://www.anandtech.com/show/4083/the-sandy-bridge-review-intel-core-i7-2600k-i5-2500k-core-i3-2100-tested/1
- ^ "Intel Reinvents Transistors Using New 3-D Structure". Intel. http://newsroom.intel.com/community/intel_newsroom/blog/2011/05/04/intel-reinvents-transistors-using-new-3-d-structure. Retrieved 5/4/2011.
- ^ "Novel Devices to Overcome Planar Limits and Enable Novel Circuits (White paper)". Freescale Semiconductor Inc.. http://www.freescale.com/files/technology_manufacturing/doc/white_paper/EMK10008WP.pdf. Retrieved 2011-05-05.
- ^ "How Intel 3D tech redefines the transistor". cnet news. http://news.cnet.com/8301-13924_3-20059431-64.html. Retrieved 2011-05-04.
- ^ "Below 22nm, spacers get unconventional: Interview with ASM". ELECTROIQ. http://www.electroiq.com/index/display/article-display.articles.solid-state-technology.semiconductors.wafer-processing.deposition-and_growth.2011.1.below_22nm-spacers-get-unconventional.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.html. Retrieved 2011-05-04.
- ^ http://www.afterdawn.com/news/article.cfm/2011/03/30/intel_ivy_bridge_chips_feature_pci_express_3_0
- ^ http://news.softpedia.com/news/Intel-to-Offer-Native-USB-3-0-Support-in-the-Panther-Point-Chipset-180374.shtml
- ^ http://tech2.in.com/india/news/cpus/is-intel-making-ivy-bridge-backwards-compatible/194222/0
- ^ http://vr-zone.com/articles/ivy-bridge-to-have-20-percent-performance-advantage-over-sandy-bridge/11061.html
- ^ "Price And Release Day Of Intel Sandy Bridge Processor Confirmed - Expreview.com". En.expreview.com. http://en.expreview.com/2010/11/26/price-and-release-day-of-intel-sandy-bridge-processor-confirmed/12357.html. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ a b c "Intel's Sandy Bridge E-Series in Q4 2011". Tom's Hardware. 2011-02-11. http://www.tomshardware.com/news/Sandy-Bridge-E-Series-Patsburg-Direct-Media-Interface-Core-i7-9-series,12179.html. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
- ^ "Additional Details on Sandy Bridge-E Processors, X79, and LGA2011". Anandtech. 2011-04-26. http://www.anandtech.com/show/4291/additional-details-on-sandy-bridgee-processors-x79-and-lga2011. Retrieved 2011-04-30.
- ^ "The Sandy Bridge Review: Intel Core i7-2600K, i5-2500K and Core i3-2100 Tested". Anandtech. 2011-01-03. http://www.anandtech.com/show/4083/the-sandy-bridge-review-intel-core-i7-2600k-i5-2500k-core-i3-2100-tested/6. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
- ^ a b http://www.intel.com/support/processors/corei7/sb/CS-029906.htm
- ^ a b http://www.intel.com/support/processors/corei5/sb/CS-030855.htm
- ^ a b http://www.intel.com/support/processors/corei3/sb/CS-031170.htm
- ^ a b http://www.intel.com/support/processors/pentiumdualcore/sb/CS-026774.htm?wapkw=(pentium+processor+product+order+code)
- ^ http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/03/16/intel_xeon_e3_chips_micro_servers/
- ^ http://www.sakhtafzarmag.com/news/digital-news-hardware/225-sandy-bridge.html
- ^ Tom's Hardware,Intel Identifies Cougar Point Chipset Error, Halts Shipments http://www.tomshardware.com/news/cougar-point-sandy-bridge-sata-error,12108.html
- ^ Intel Corporation (January 31, 2011). "Intel Identifies Chipset Design Error, Implementing Solution". Press release. http://newsroom.intel.com/community/intel_newsroom/blog/2011/01/31/intel-identifies-chipset-design-error-implementing-solution.
- ^ "Intel chip bug affects HP, Dell, Samsung and Lenovo". BBC News. 2011-02-03. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12354263.
- ^ "HP to offer refund for PCs with flawed Intel chip". Reuters. 2011-02-02. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/02/uk-intel-hp-idUKTRE7118OL20110202.
- ^ http://www.pcworld.com/article/218919/intel_to_ship_dualcore_sandy_bridge_chips_on_feb_20.html
- ^ http://www.expertreviews.co.uk/general/1282684/intel-to-continue-shipping-flawed-sandy-bridge-chipsets
- ^ Intel to limit Sandy Bridge Overclocking, Bit-Tech, July 22, 2010, http://www.bit-tech.net/news/hardware/2010/07/22/intel-to-limit-sandy-bridge-overclocking/1
- ^ Anand Lal Shimpi (2010-09-14). "Intel’s Sandy Bridge Architecture Exposed". AnandTech. p. 8. http://www.anandtech.com/show/3922/intels-sandy-bridge-architecture-exposed/8. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKGnaTrxS_k
- ^ "IDF Intel 2010: Intel Overclocks Sandy Bridge CPU to 4.9 GHz, outpaces 12-core AMD Opteron". ZDNet. http://www.zdnet.com/blog/computers/idf-intel-2010-intel-overclocks-sandy-bridge-cpu-to-49ghz-outpaces-12-core-amd-opteron/3863.
- ^ http://www.zdnet.com/blog/computers/intel-to-launch-x79-express-chipset-for-sandy-bridge-e-enthusiast-processors/5370
- ^ Knupffer, Nick. "Intel Insider - What Is It? (IS it DRM? And yes it delivers top quality movies to your PC)". http://blogs.intel.com/technology/2011/01/intel_insider_-_what_is_it_no.php. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
- ^ Hachman, Mark (2010-09-14). "Intel’s ‘Sandy Bridge’ Chip to Include vPro Business Features". PC Magazine. http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2369110,00.asp.
[edit] External links
- Intel's AVX page
- Marco Chiappetta (January 2, 2011). "Intel Core i7-2600K and i5-2500K Processors Debut". HotHardware.com. http://hothardware.com/Reviews/Intel-Core-i72600K-and-i52500K-Processors-Debut/. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
- David Kanter (September 25, 2010). "Intel's Sandy Bridge Microarchitecture". realworldtech.com. http://www.realworldtech.com/page.cfm?ArticleID=RWT091810191937&p=1. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
- Anand Lal Shimpi (September 14, 2010). "Intel's Sandy Bridge Architecture Exposed". anandtech.com. http://www.anandtech.com/show/3922/intels-sandy-bridge-architecture-exposed/1. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
- Gabriel Torres (December 30, 2010). "Inside the Intel Sandy Bridge Microarchitecture". hardwaresecrets.com. http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/Inside-the-Intel-Sandy-Bridge-Microarchitecture/1161/1. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
- Andrew Van Til (January 3, 2011). "Intel Sandy Bridge: Core i5-2500K and DH67BL Motherboard". www.missingremote.com. http://www.missingremote.com/review/intel-sandy-bridge-core-i5-2500k-and-dh67bl-motherboard. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
- Inside the Intel Sandy Bridge Microarchitecture
- Intel video explaining 3D ("Tri-Gate") chip and transistor design used in 22nm architecture of Ivy Bridge
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