Nehalem (microarchitecture)
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(Redirected from Westmere (microarchitecture))
Nehalem (pronounced /nəˈheɪləm/[1]) is the codename for an Intel processor microarchitecture, successor to the Core microarchitecture.[2] The first processor released with the Nehalem architecture was the desktop Core i7,[3] which was released in November 2008. It was followed by several Xeon processors and by the i3 and i5.[4] Mobile Nehalem-based processors were introduced in September 2009. The first computer to use Nehalem-based Xeon processors was the Apple Mac Pro workstation announced on March 3, 2009.[5] Nehalem-based Xeon EX processors for larger servers were originally expected in Q4 2009,[6] However, they were released in April 2010.[7]
Initial Nehalem processors use the same 45 nm manufacturing methods as Penryn. A working system with two Nehalem processors was shown at Intel Developer Forum Fall 2007.
The microarchitecture is named after the coastal Oregon town of Nehalem.[8][9] Originally it was supposed to be the latest evolution of the NetBurst microarchitecture. Since the abandonment of NetBurst, the codename has been recycled and refers to a completely different project, although Nehalem still has some things in common with NetBurst. Nehalem-based microprocessors utilize higher clock speeds and are more energy-efficient than Penryn microprocessors. Hyper-Threading is reintroduced along with an L3 Cache missing from most Core-based microprocessors.
Contents[hide] |
[edit] Technology
- Two, four, and eight cores
- 45 nm manufacturing process at initial release (with 32 nm variants following)
- Integrated memory controller supporting two or three memory channels of DDR3 SDRAM or four FB-DIMM2 channels
- Integrated graphics processor (IGP) located off-die, but in the same CPU package for Westmere.[10]
- A new point-to-point processor interconnect, the Intel QuickPath Interconnect, in high-end models, replacing the legacy front side bus
- Integration of PCI Express and Direct Media Interface into the processor in mid-range models, replacing the northbridge
- Hyper-threading has been reintroduced.
- Native (monolithic, i.e. all processor cores on a single die) quad- and octo-core processors[11]
- 64 KB L1 cache/core (32 KB L1 Data + 32 KB L1 Instruction) and 256 KB L2 cache/core.
- 4–12 MB L3 cache shared by all cores
- 33% more in-flight micro-operations than Conroe[12]
- Second-level branch predictor and second-level translation lookaside buffer[12]
[edit] Performance and power improvements
It has been reported that Nehalem has a focus on performance, which accounts for the increased core size.[13] Compared to Penryn, Nehalem has:
- 1.1× to 1.25× the single-threaded performance or 1.2× to 2× the multithreaded performance at the same power level
- 30% lower power usage for the same performance
- According to a preview from AnandTech "expect a 20–30% overall advantage over Penryn with a 10% increase in power usage."[14]
- Per Core, clock-for-clock, Nehalem provides a 15–20% increase in performance compared to Penryn.
PC Watch found that a Nehalem "Gainestown" processor has 1.6× the integer performance and 2.4× the floating-point performance of a 3.0 GHz Xeon X5365 "Clovertown" quad-core processor.[13]A 2.93 GHz Nehalem "Bloomfield" system has been used to run a 3DMark Vantage benchmark and gave a CPU score of 17,966.[15] The 2.66 GHz variant scores 16,294. A 2.4 GHz Core 2 Duo E6600 scores 4,300.[16]AnandTech tested the Intel QuickPath Interconnect ("QPI", 4.8 GT/s version) and found the copy bandwidth using triple-channel 1066 MHz DDR3 was 12.0 GB/s. A 3.0 GHz Core 2 Quad system using dual-channel 1066 MHz DDR3 achieved 6.9 GB/s.[17]
Overclocking is possible with Bloomfield processors and the X58 chipset. The Lynnfield processor uses a PCH removing the need for a northbridge chipset.[18]
The Nehalem processors are the first to incorporate the SSE 4.2 SIMD instructions, adding 7 new instructions to the SSE 4.1 set available in the Core 2 series.The Nehalem architecture also significantly reduces atomic operation latency; cutting it to 50% in an attempt to eliminate atomic overhead .[19]
[edit] Westmere
Westmere (formerly Nehalem-C) is the name given to the 32 nm die shrink of Nehalem. The first Westmere-based processors were launched on January 7, 2010 and branded as members of the Core i3, Core i5, and dual-core mobile Core i7 families.
Westmere's features and improvements from Nehalem have been reported as follows:
- Native six-core processors.[20]
- A new set of instructions that gives over 3x the encryption and decryption rate of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) processes compared to before.[21]
- Delivers seven new instructions (AES instruction set or AES-NI) that will be used by the AES algorithm. Also an instruction called PCLMULQDQ (see CLMUL instruction set) that will perform carry-less multiplication for use in cryptography.[22] These instructions will allow the processor to perform hardware-accelerated encryption, not only resulting in faster execution but also protecting against software targeted attacks.
- AES-NI may be included in the integrated graphics of Westmere.
- Integrated graphics, built into the processor.
- Improved virtualization latency.[23]
- New virtualization capability: "VMX Unrestricted mode support," which allows 16-bit guests to run (real mode and big real mode).
- Support for "Huge Pages" of 1GB in size.
[edit] Code names
Each combination of a Nehalem/Westmere processor die and package has both a separate codename and a product code. Typically, the same dies are used for uniprocessor (UP) and dual-processor (DP) servers, but using an extra QuickPath link for the inter-processor communication in the DP server variant. Like the Core microarchitecture, Nehalem also uses four different processor packages, one for each market segment. The high-end chips with eight cores are only available in the MP server segment, while all others are used in at least two different packages. No details have been released about the Westmere EX processor so far.
| Mobile | Desktop UP Server |
DP Server | MP Server | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eight-Core 45 nm Quad-Channel |
Beckton 80604 |
|||
| Quad-Core 45 nm Triple-Channel |
Bloomfield 80601 |
Gainestown 80602 |
||
| Quad-Core 45 nm Dual-Channel, PCIe |
Clarksfield 80607 |
Lynnfield 80605 |
Jasper Forest 80612 |
|
| Dual-Core 45 nm Dual-Channel, PCIe, Graphics Core |
Auburndale canceled |
Havendale canceled |
||
| Ten-Core 32 nm Quad-channel[24] |
Westmere-EX 80615 |
|||
| Six-Core 32 nm Triple-Channel |
Gulftown 80613 |
Westmere-EP 80614 |
||
| Dual-Core 32 nm Dual-Channel, PCIe, Graphics Core |
Arrandale 80617 |
Clarkdale 80616 |
||
[edit] Desktop processors
- Released processors are set in bold.
- Extreme processors have an unlocked clock multiplier.
- All processors use a 133MHz Base Clock.
[edit] 45 nm
- Lynnfield processors feature integrated PCIe 1 x16 or 2 x8.
- 1 6500 series scalable up to 2 sockets, 7500 series scalable up to 4/8 sockets.[25]
| Codename | Market | Cores / Threads |
Socket | Processor Branding & Model |
CPU Clock rate |
Turbo | TDP | Interfaces | L3 cache |
Release Date | Price for 1k Unit |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chipset | Memory | ||||||||||||
| Beckton1 | MP Server / DP Server |
8 (16) | LGA 1567 |
Xeon [26] | X7560 | 2.26 GHz | Yes | 130 W | 4× QPI 6.4 GT/s | DDR3-800 / 1066 (Up to 4x with SMB-Ready Motherboard) |
24 MB | 2010-03-30[27] | $3692 |
| X7550 | 2.0 GHz | 18 MB | $2837 | ||||||||||
| X6550 | $2461 | ||||||||||||
| L7555 | 1.86 GHz | 95 W | 4× QPI 5.86 GT/s | 24 MB | $3157 | ||||||||
| 6 (12) | E7540 | 2.0 GHz | 105 W | 4× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 18 MB | $1980 | |||||||
| E6540 | 12 MB | $1712 | |||||||||||
| E7530 | 1.86 GHz | 4× QPI 5.86 GT/s | $1391 | ||||||||||
| L7545 | 18 MB | $2087 | |||||||||||
| 6 (6) | X7542 | 2.66 GHz | 130 W | $1980 | |||||||||
| 4 (8) | E7520 | 1.86 GHz | No | 105 W | 4× QPI 4.8 GT/s | $856 | |||||||
| E6510 | 1.73 GHz | 12 MB | $744 | ||||||||||
| Gainestown | DP Server[28] | 4 (8) | LGA 1366 |
Xeon[29] | W5590 | 3.33 GHz | Yes | 130 W | 2× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 3× DDR3-13331 | 8 MB | 2009-08-09 | $1600 |
| W5580 | 3.2 GHz | 2009-03-29[30] | $1500 | ||||||||||
| X5570 | 2.93 GHz | 95 W | $1286 | ||||||||||
| X5560 | 2.8 GHz | $1072 | |||||||||||
| X5550 | 2.66 GHz | $858 | |||||||||||
| E5540 | 2.53 GHz | 80 W | 2× 5.86 GT/s | 3× DDR3-10661 | $744 | ||||||||
| E5530 | 2.4 GHz | $530 | |||||||||||
| E5520 | 2.26 GHz | $373 | |||||||||||
| L5530 | 2.4 GHz | 60 W | 2009-08-09 | $744 | |||||||||
| L5520 | 2.26 GHz | 2009-03-30 | $530 | ||||||||||
| L5518 | 2.13 GHz | $ | |||||||||||
| 4 (4) | E5507 | 2.26 GHz | No | 80 W | 2× 4.8 GT/s | 3× DDR3-8001 | 4 MB | 2010-03-16 | $266 | ||||
| E5506 | 2.13 GHz | 2009-03-29 | $266 | ||||||||||
| L5506 | 2.13 GHz | 60 W | $423 | ||||||||||
| E5504 | 2.0 GHz | 80 W | $224 | ||||||||||
| 2 (4) | L5508 | 2.0 GHz | Yes | 38 W | 2× 5.86 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1066 | 8 MB | $ | |||||
| 2 (2) | E5503 | 2.0 GHz | No | 80 W | 2× 4.8 GT/s | 3× DDR3-800 | 4 MB | 2010-03-16 | $224 | ||||
| E5502 | 1.86 GHz | 2009-03-29 | $188 | ||||||||||
| Bloomfield | UP Server[31] | 4 (8) | Xeon[32] | W3580 | 3.33 GHz | Yes | 130 W | 1× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1333 | 8 MB | 2009-08-09 | $999 | |
| W3570 | 3.2 GHz | 2009-03-29[32] | $999 | ||||||||||
| W3565 | 3.2 GHz | 1× QPI 4.8 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1066 | 2009-11-01 | $562 | ||||||||
| W3550 | 3.06 GHz | 2009-08-09 | $562 | ||||||||||
| W3540 | 2.93 GHz | 2009-03-29[32] | $562 | ||||||||||
| W3530 | 2.8 GHz | 2010-03-16 | $294 | ||||||||||
| W3520 | 2.66 GHz | 2009-03-29[32] | $284 | ||||||||||
| 2(2) | W3505 | 2.53 GHz | No | 4 MB | $ | ||||||||
| W3503 | 2.4 GHz | $ | |||||||||||
| Lynnfield | 4 (8) | LGA 1156 |
X3480 | 3.06 GHz | Yes | 95 W | DMI | 2× DDR3-1333 | 8 MB | 2010-05-30 | $612 | ||
| X3470 | 2.93 GHz | 2009-09-08 | $589 | ||||||||||
| X3460 | 2.8 GHz | $316 | |||||||||||
| X3450 | 2.66 GHz | $241 | |||||||||||
| X3440 | 2.53 GHz | $215 | |||||||||||
| L3426 | 1.86 GHz | 45 W | $284 | ||||||||||
| 4 (4) | X3430 | 2.4 GHz | 95 W | $189 | |||||||||
| Bloomfield | Enthusiast Desktop[33] |
4 (8) | LGA 1366 |
Core i7 Extreme |
975[34] | 3.33 GHz | Yes | 130 W | 1× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1066 | 8 MB | 2009-05-31 | $999 |
| 965 | 3.2 GHz | 2008-11-17 | $999 | ||||||||||
| Core i7 | 960[35] | 3.2 GHz | 1× QPI 4.8 GT/s | 2009-10-20 | $562 | ||||||||
| 950[34] | 3.06 GHz | 2009-05-31 | $562 | ||||||||||
| 940 | 2.93 GHz | 2008-11-17 | $562 | ||||||||||
| 930 | 2.8 GHz | 2010-02-28 | $294 | ||||||||||
| 920 | 2.66 GHz | 2008-11-17 | $284 | ||||||||||
| Lynnfield | Performance Desktop |
4 (8) | LGA 1156 |
880 | 3.06 GHz | Yes | 95 W | DMI | 2× DDR3-1333 | 8 MB | 2010-05-30 | $583 | |
| 875K | 2.93 GHz | $342 | |||||||||||
| 870[36] | 2009-09-08 | $562 | |||||||||||
| 870S | 2.66 GHz | 82 W | 2010-07-19 | $351 | |||||||||
| 860 | 2.8 GHz | 95 W | 2009-09-08 | $284 | |||||||||
| 860S | 2.53 GHz | 82 W | 2010-01-07 | $337 | |||||||||
| 4 (4) | Core i5 | 760 | 2.8 GHz | 95 W | 2010-07-17 | $209 | |||||||
| 750[37] | 2.66 GHz | 95 W | 2009-09-08 | $196 | |||||||||
| 750S | 2.4 GHz | 82 W | 2010-01-07 | $259 | |||||||||
- Intel states the Gainestown processors have six memory channels. Gainestown processors have dual QPI links and have a separate set of memory registers for each link in effect, a multiplexed six-channel system.[38][39]
- Beckton will move to 32 nm at the end of 2010.[40] The 32 nm CPUs will not have significantly different clock speeds compared to 45 nm CPUs.[41]
[edit] 32 nm
- Thermal design power (TDP) values for CPUs with integrated GPUs include the GPU.
- Clarkdale processors feature an integrated PCIe 1 x16.
| Codename | Market | Cores / Threads |
Socket | Processor Branding & Model |
Clock rate | Turbo | TDP | Interfaces | L3 cache |
Release Date | Price for 1k Unit |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Core | GPU | Chipset | Memory | |||||||||||
| Westmere-EX | MP Server | 10 (20) | LGA 1567 |
Xeon | N/A | N/A | 30 MB | 2011-04-05 [42] |
||||||
| Gulftown / Westmere-EP [43] |
DP Server | 6 (12) | LGA 1366 |
Xeon | X5690 | 3.46 GHz | N/A | Yes | 130 W | 2× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1333 | 12 MB | ?? | ?? |
| X5680 | 3.33 GHz | 2010-03-16 | $1663 | |||||||||||
| X5670 | 2.93 GHz | 95 W | $1440 | |||||||||||
| X5660 | 2.8 GHz | $1219 | ||||||||||||
| X5650 | 2.66 GHz | $996 | ||||||||||||
| E5645 | 2.4 GHz | 80 W | 2× QPI 5.86 GT/s | $958 | ||||||||||
| L5640 | 2.26 GHz | 60 W | $996 | |||||||||||
| L5638 | 2.0 GHz | $958 | ||||||||||||
| 4 (8) | X5677 | 3.46 GHz | 130 W | 2× QPI 6.4 GT/s | $1663 | |||||||||
| X5667 | 3.06 GHz | 95 W | $1440 | |||||||||||
| E5640 | 2.66 GHz | 80 W | 2× QPI 5.86 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1066 | $774 | |||||||||
| E5630 | 2.53 GHz | $551 | ||||||||||||
| E5620 | 2.4 GHz | $387 | ||||||||||||
| L5630 | 2.13 GHz | 40 W | $551 | |||||||||||
| L5618 | 1.86 GHz | $530 | ||||||||||||
| 4 (4) | L5609 | 1.86 GHz | No | 2× QPI 4.8 GT/s | $440 | |||||||||
| UP Server | 6 (12) | Xeon | W3680 | 3.33 GHz | N/A | Yes | 130 W | 1× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1333 | 12 MB | 2010-03-16[44] | $999 | ||
| W3670 | 3.20 GHz | 1× QPI 4.8 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1066 | 2010-08-29 | $885 | |||||||||
| Extreme / Performance Desktop |
Core i7 Extreme |
990X | 3.46 GHz | 1× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1066 | 2011-Q1 | $999 | |||||||
| 980X | 3.33 GHz | 2010-03-16 | ||||||||||||
| Core i7 | 970 | 3.2 GHz | 1× QPI 4.8 GT/s | 2010-07-17 | $885 | |||||||||
| Clarkdale[45] | UP Server | 2 (4) | LGA 1156 |
Xeon | L3406 | 2.26 GHz | N/A | Yes | 30 W | DMI | 2× DDR3-1066 | 4 MB | 2010-03-16 | $189 |
| L3403 | 2.0 GHz | 2010-10 | $ | |||||||||||
| Mainstream / Value Desktop |
Core i5 | 680 | 3.6 GHz | 733 MHz | 73 W | 2× DDR3-1333 | 2010-04-18 | $294 | ||||||
| 670 | 3.46 GHz | 2010-01-07 | $284 | |||||||||||
| 661 | 3.33 GHz | 900 MHz | 87 W | $196 | ||||||||||
| 660 | 733 MHz | 73 W | ||||||||||||
| 650 | 3.2 GHz | $176 | ||||||||||||
| Core i3 | 560 | 3.33 GHz | No | 2010-08-29 | $138 | |||||||||
| 550 | 3.20 GHz | 2010-05-30 | $138 | |||||||||||
| 540 | 3.06 GHz | 2010-01-07 | $133 | |||||||||||
| 530 | 2.93 GHz | $113 | ||||||||||||
| 2 (2) | Pentium | G6950 | 2.8 GHz | 533 MHz | 2× DDR3-1066 | 3 MB | $87 | |||||||
| Celeron | G1101 | 2.26 GHz | 2 MB | OEM | ||||||||||
- Clarkdale and Arrandale contain the 32 nm dual core processor Hillel and the 45 nm integrated graphics device Ironlake, and support switchable graphics.[41][46]
[edit] Mobile Processors
- Released processors are set in bold.
- Extreme processors have an unlocked clock multiplier. Thermal design power (TDP) values for CPUs with integrated GPUs include the GPU.
- All processors use a 133MHz Base Clock.
[edit] 45 nm Clarksfield
- All are quad-core models(8 Threads). They feature Hyper-threading and Turbo Boost.
- Interface support :
- DMI
- 2x DDR3-1333
- PCIe 1 x16 / 2 x8
| Market | Socket | Processor Branding & Model |
Core Clock rate |
Turbo | TDP | L3 cache |
Release Date | Price for 1k Unit |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extreme / Performance Mobile |
µPGA 988 |
Core i7 Extreme |
940XM | 2.13 GHz | Yes | 55 W | 8 MB | 2010-06-21 | $1096 |
| 920XM | 2.0 GHz | 2009-09-23 | $1054 | ||||||
| Core i7 | 840QM | 1.86 GHz | 45 W | 2010-06-21 | $568 | ||||
| 820QM | 1.73 GHz | 2009-09-23 | $546 | ||||||
| 740QM | 6 MB | 2010-06-21 | $378 | ||||||
| 720QM | 1.6 GHz | 2009-09-23 | $364 | ||||||
[edit] 32 nm Arrandale
| Market | Cores / Threads |
Processor Branding & Model |
Clock rate | Turbo | TDP | Memory | L3 cache |
Release Date | Price for 1k Unit |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Core | GPU | ||||||||||
| Mainstream /
Value Mobile |
2 (4) | Core i7 | 640M | 2.8 GHz | 766 MHz | Yes | 35 W | 2× DDR3-1066 | 4 MB | 2010-09-26 | $346 |
| 620M | 2.66 GHz | 2010-01-07 | $332 | ||||||||
| 610E | 2.53 GHz | OEM | |||||||||
| 660LM | 2.26 GHz | 566 MHz | 25 W | 2010-09-26 | $346 | ||||||
| 640LM | 2.13 GHz | 2010-01-07 | $332 | ||||||||
| 620LM / 620LE | 2.0 GHz | $300 | |||||||||
| 680UM | 1.46 GHz | 500 MHz | 18 W | 2× DDR3-800 | 2010-09-26 | $317 | |||||
| 660UM | 1.33 GHz | 2010-05-25 | $289 | ||||||||
| 640UM | 1.2 GHz | 2010-01-07 | $305 | ||||||||
| 620UM / 620UE | 1.06 GHz | $278 | |||||||||
| Core i5 | 580M | 2.66 GHz | 766 MHz | 35 W | 2× DDR3-1066 | 3 MB | 2010-09-26 | $266 | |||
| 560M | 2.66 GHz | $260 | |||||||||
| 540M | 2.53 GHz | 2010-01-07 | $257 | ||||||||
| 520M / 520E | 2.4 GHz | $225 | |||||||||
| 560UM | 1.33 GHz | 500 MHz | 18 W | 2× DDR3-800 | 2010-09-26 | $250 | |||||
| 540UM | 1.2 GHz | 2010-05-25 | $250 | ||||||||
| 520UM | 1.06 GHz | 2010-01-07 | $241 | ||||||||
| 460M | 2.53 GHz | 766 MHz | 35 W | 2× DDR3-1066 | 2010-09-26 | OEM | |||||
| 450M | 2.4 GHz | 2010-06-26 | |||||||||
| 430M | 2.26 GHz | 2010-01-07 | |||||||||
| 470UM | 1.33 GHz | 500 MHz | 18 W | 2× DDR3-800 | 2010-10-01 | ||||||
| 430UM | 1.2 GHz | 2010-05-25 | |||||||||
| Core i3 | 380M | 2.54 GHz | 667 MHz | No | 35 W | 2× DDR3-1066 | 2010-09-26 | ||||
| 370M | 2.4 GHz | 2010-06-20 | |||||||||
| 350M | 2.26 GHz | 2010-01-07 | |||||||||
| 330M / 330E | 2.13 GHz | ||||||||||
| 380UM | 1.33 GHz | 500 MHz | 18 W | 2× DDR3-800 | 2010-10-01 | ||||||
| 330UM | 1.2 GHz | 2010-05-25 | |||||||||
| 2 (2) | Pentium | P6200 | 2.13 GHz | 667 MHz | 35 W | 2× DDR3-1066 | 2010-09-26 | ||||
| P6100 | 2.00 GHz | ||||||||||
| P6000 | 1.86 GHz | 2010-06-20 | |||||||||
| U5400 | 1.20 GHz | 500 MHz | 18 W | 2× DDR3-800 | 2010-05-25 | ||||||
| Celeron | P4600 | 2.00 GHz | 667 MHz | 35 W | 2× DDR3-1066 | 2 MB | 2010-09-26 | $86 | |||
| P4500 / P4505 | 1.86 GHz | 2010-03-28 | $86 / OEM | ||||||||
| U3400 / U3405 | 1.06 GHz | 500 MHz | 18 W | 2× DDR3-800 / 1066 | 2010-05-25 | $134 / OEM | |||||
- Clarkdale and Arrandale contain the 32 nm dual core processor Hillel and the 45 nm integrated graphics device Ironlake, and support switchable graphics.[41][46]
[edit] Successor
The successor to Nehalem and Westmere is Sandy Bridge.
[edit] References
- ^ I Am Nehalem, http://www.metacafe.com/watch/830178/i_am_nehalem/
- ^ Intel Details Upcoming New Processor Generations, Intel Corporation, 2007-03-28, http://www.intel.com/pressroom/archive/releases/20070328fact.htm
- ^ Gruener, Wolfgang (2008-08-10), Nehalem = i7: Intel unveils new Core processor brand, TG Daily, http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/38818/135/
- ^ Hillis, Scott; John Wallace (2008-05-21), Intel says Nehalem chips on track for '08 2nd half, Reuters, http://uk.reuters.com/article/rbssTechMediaTelecomNews/idUKN2140939320080521
- ^ Crothers, Brooke (2009-03-03), Apple beats Intel to Nehalem-EP chip launch, http://news.cnet.com/8301-13924_3-10187569-64.html
- ^ Morgan, Timothy (2009-02-10), Intel confirms Nehalem Xeons imminent, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/02/10/intel_confirms_nehalem_imminent/
- ^ Intel Unveils Plans for Six-Core Nehalem-EX – InternetNews.com, http://www.internetnews.com/hardware/article.php/3848706/Intel+Unveils+Plans+for+SixCore+NehalemEX.htm
- ^ Ian, King (2008-10-20), Intel's new faster chip right on AMD's heels, The Seattle Times, http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2008125540_intel20.html
- ^ Jones, George (2008-02-09), IAMD vs Intel: The future of desktop CPUs, PC Advisor UK, http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=12061&pn=3
- ^ Laird, Jeremy (2007-09-19), IDF: Not all Intel Nehalem CPUs single-die, Tech.co.uk, http://www.tech.co.uk/computing/upgrades-and-peripherals/processors/news/idf-not-all-intel-nehalem-cpus-single-die?articleid=629416659
- ^ Laird, Jeremy (2007-07-19), IDF: Intel reveals eight-core PC processor, TechRadar UK, http://www.tech.co.uk/computing/upgrades-and-peripherals/processors/news/idf-intel-reveals-eight-core-pc-processor?articleid=1878171680
- ^ a b Lal Shimpi (2008-03-17), Opening the Kimono: Intel Details Nehalem and Tempts with Larrabee, AnandTech, http://www.anandtech.com/cpuchipsets/intel/showdoc.aspx?i=3264
- ^ a b "Intel's dual teamed approached to micro-architecture development" (in Japanese), PC Watch, 2008-01-29, http://pc.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/2008/0129/kaigai412.htm
- ^ Lal Shimpi, Anand (2008-06-05), The Nehalem Preview: Intel Does It Again, AnandTech, http://anandtech.com/cpuchipsets/intel/showdoc.aspx?i=3326&p=9
- ^ Nguyen, Tuan (2008-07-09), 'Nehalem' 2.93 GHz Benches Revealed, Tom's Hardware, http://www.tomshardware.co.uk/intel-nehalem-core,news-28701.html
- ^ Intel Bloomfield 2.66 GHz: First Comprehensive Evaluation, techPowerUp!, 2008-07-09, http://www.techpowerup.com/?65297
- ^ Intel does it again, AnandTech, 2008-06-05, http://www.anandtech.com/cpuchipsets/intel/showdoc.aspx?i=3326&p=5
- ^ Botezatu, Bogdan (2008-04-22), Intel: No Overclocking for Mainstream Nehalems, Softpedia, http://news.softpedia.com/news/Intel-No-Overclocking-for-Mainstream-Nehalems-84019.shtml
- ^ NO EXECUTE!, http://www.emulators.com/docs/nx24_hot_chips.htm
- ^ Intel says no to 28nm, focuses on 22nm: Ivy Bridge/Haswell & Larrabee, http://brightsideofnews.com/news/2009/4/16/intel-says-no-to-28nm2c-focuses-on-22nm-ivy-bridgehaswell--larrabee.aspx
- ^ Smalley, Tim (2007-09-19), Westmere is Nehalem's successor, bit-tech.net, http://www.bit-tech.net/news/2007/09/19/westmere_is_nehalem_successor/1
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[edit] Further reading
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This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive and inappropriate external links. (August 2010) |
- InfoWorld review: Intel's Westmere struts its stuff, InfoWorld, 2010-03-16, http://www.infoworld.com/d/hardware/infoworld-review-intels-westmere-struts-its-stuff-588
- IDF: Intel Clarkdale Up Close and Personal, X-bit Labs, 2009-09-24, http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/cpu/display/clarkdale-sneakpeek.html
- Intel Core i7 Processors: Nehalem and X58 Have Arrived, Hot Hardware, 2008-11-03, http://hothardware.com/Articles/Intel-Core-i7-Processors-Nehalem-and-X58-Have-Arrived/
- Intel Core i7 CPU & Nehalem Architecture Review, hardCOREware.net, 2008-11-03, http://www.hardcoreware.net/reviews/review-372-1.htm
- Intel Nehalem Core i7 Series Complete Review, PC Perspective, 2008-11-03, http://www.pcper.com/article.php?aid=634
- Intel Nehalem Core i7 940 Review, Xtreview, 2008-10-01, http://xtreview.com/addcomment-id-6524-view-Intel-core-i-7-940-review.html
- Altavilla, Dave (2008-03-17), Intel Showcases Dunnington, Nehalem and Larrabee Processors, HotHardware, http://www.hothardware.com/Articles/Intel_Showcases_Dunnington_Nehalem_and_Larrabee_Processors/
- Shrout, Ryan (2008-03-28), Intel Slides and Nehalem architecture information, PC Perspective, http://www.pcper.com/article.php?aid=382&type=expert
- Stokes, Jon (2007-03-28), Intel drops a Nehalem bomb on AMD's Fusion: integrated graphics, on-die memory controller, SMT, Ars Technica, http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070328-intel-aims-nehalem-at-amds-fusion-integrated-graphics-on-die-memory-controller-smt.html
- Lal Shimpi, Anand (2007-09-18), Nehalem: Single die, 8-cores, 731M transistors, AnandTech, http://www.anandtech.com/cpuchipsets/intel/showdoc.aspx?i=3101&p=2
- Lal Shimpi, Anand (2008-11-03), Nehalem - Everything You Need to Know about Intel's New Architecture, AnandTech, http://www.anandtech.com/show/2594/1
- David Kanter (2010-04-04). "Inside Nehalem: Intel's Future Processor and System". realworldtech.com. http://www.realworldtech.com/page.cfm?ArticleID=RWT040208182719. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
- Holland, Maggie (2007-09-19), IDF 2007: Intel debuts Nehalem, IT Pro, http://www.itpro.co.uk/news/125370/idf-2007-intel-debuts-nehalem.html
- (in Spanish) Everything we know about Nehalem, CHW.net, 2008-01-05, http://www.chw.net/Articulos/Intel/Todo-lo-que-sabemos-de-Intel-Nehalem-200801051919.html
- Stokes, Jon (2008-04-09), What you need to know about Intel's Nehalem CPU, Ars Technica, http://arstechnica.com/articles/paedia/cpu/what-you-need-to-know-about-nehalem.ars
- Torres, Gabriel (2008-03-17), Details on the Forthcoming Intel Nehalem Processor, Hardware Secrets, http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/535
- Shimpi, Anand Lal (2008-06-05), The Nehalem Preview: Intel Does It Again, AnandTech, http://www.anandtech.com/cpuchipsets/intel/showdoc.aspx?i=3326
- Shimpi, Anand Lal (2008-08-21), Nehalem – Everything You Need to Know about Intel's New Architecture, AnandTech, http://www.anandtech.com/cpuchipsets/intel/showdoc.aspx?i=3382
- First Look at Nehalem Microarchitecture, X-bit Labs, 2008-11-02, http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/cpu/display/nehalem-microarchitecture.html
[edit] External links
- Nehalem processor at Intel.com
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