The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6
IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition
Copyright © 2001-2004 The IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights reserved.

#### NAME

> log, logf, logl - natural logarithm function

#### SYNOPSIS

> ``#include <math.h>
> double log(double` x`);
> float logf(float` x`);
> long double logl(long double` x`);
> ``

#### DESCRIPTION

> [CX] The functionality described on this reference page is aligned with the ISO C standard. Any conflict between the requirements described here and the ISO C standard is unintentional. This volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 defers to the ISO C standard.

> These functions shall compute the natural logarithm of their argument x, loge(x).

> An application wishing to check for error situations should set errno to zero and call feclearexcept(FE_ALL_EXCEPT) before calling these functions. On return, if errno is non-zero or fetestexcept(FE_INVALID | FE_DIVBYZERO | FE_OVERFLOW | FE_UNDERFLOW) is non-zero, an error has occurred.

#### RETURN VALUE

> Upon successful completion, these functions shall return the natural logarithm of x.

> If x is ±0, a pole error shall occur and log(), logf(), and logl() shall return -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VALF, and -HUGE_VALL, respectively.

> For finite values of x that are less than 0, [MX] or if x is -Inf, a domain error shall occur, and [MX] either a NaN (if supported), or an implementation-defined value shall be returned.

> [MX] If x is NaN, a NaN shall be returned.

> If x is 1, +0 shall be returned.

> If x is +Inf, x shall be returned.

#### ERRORS

> These functions shall fail if:

> Domain Error
>   The finite value of x is negative, [MX] or x is -Inf.

>   If the integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERRNO) is non-zero, then errno shall be set to [EDOM]. If the integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERREXCEPT) is non-zero, then the invalid floating-point exception shall be raised.

> Pole Error
>   The value of x is zero.

>   If the integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERRNO) is non-zero, then errno shall be set to [ERANGE]. If the integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERREXCEPT) is non-zero, then the divide-by-zero floating-point exception shall be raised.

The following sections are informative.

#### EXAMPLES

> None.

#### APPLICATION USAGE

> On error, the expressions (math_errhandling & MATH_ERRNO) and (math_errhandling & MATH_ERREXCEPT) are independent of each other, but at least one of them must be non-zero.

#### RATIONALE

> None.

#### FUTURE DIRECTIONS

> None.

#### SEE ALSO

> exp(), feclearexcept(), fetestexcept(), isnan(), log10(), log1p(), the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 4.18, Treatment of Error Conditions for Mathematical Functions, <math.h>

#### CHANGE HISTORY

> First released in Issue 1. Derived from Issue 1 of the SVID.

#### Issue 5

> The DESCRIPTION is updated to indicate how an application should check for an error. This text was previously published in the APPLICATION USAGE section.

#### Issue 6

> The DESCRIPTION is updated to avoid use of the term "must" for application requirements.

> The logf() and logl() functions are added for alignment with the ISO/IEC 9899:1999 standard.

> The DESCRIPTION, RETURN VALUE, ERRORS, and APPLICATION USAGE sections are revised to align with the ISO/IEC 9899:1999 standard.

> IEC 60559:1989 standard floating-point extensions over the ISO/IEC 9899:1999 standard are marked.

End of informative text.

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